https://intbioinformaticsjr.comGenerated by Ibioinformatics.Source page: https://intbioinformaticsjr.comenhttps://intbioinformaticsjr.com/Journal/lastissue/year/2013/month/MarchBioinformatics through the historyhttps://intbioinformaticsjr.com/Journal/lastissue/year/2013/month/Marchhttps://intbioinformaticsjr.com/Journal/lastissue/year/2013/month/Marchandlt;divandgt;An attempt was made to apply solid state fermentation for the production of single cell protein using fruit peels of Banana, orange and papaya peels respectively and their different combinations were used for optimization of single cell protein production of andlt;iandgt;Aspergillus nigeandlt;/iandgt; at different pH and incubation period. Substrate of fruit peel was used in different combination to maximize protein content in andlt;iandgt;A.niger. andlt;/iandgt;4th combination gave the best result of maximum production of 1.352 mg/ml of protein on 8 days of incubation and at pH 7 which is directly related to maximum fungal growth.andlt;/divandgt;https://intbioinformaticsjr.com/Journal/lastissue/year/2013/month/Marchhttps://intbioinformaticsjr.com/Journal/lastissue/year/2013/month/MarchmicroRNAs are small noncoding, single-stranded RNA gene product about 20-24nt long that are processed by Dicer from precursor with a characteristic hairpin secondary structure. Precise regulation of miRNAs activity during various stages of growth and in specific cell types is of central importance for normal development because miRNAs affect morphology of plants and animals by regulation of the gene expression at the post-transcriptional level which is involved in critical developmental events. Thus, in the present study the focus is on the animal miRNAs and prediction of the miRNA target, affected proteins by miRNA and miRNA homolog of Mousegammaherpes virus68. Present analyses are based on sequence complimentaries between miRNA and mRNAs. As a result, we predicted 98 targets for 49 mature miRNA sequences and among these 58 mature miRNA sequences were already published in database. The study of affected proteins revealed that very less number of miRNAs, protein products are known and they mostly involved in diverse processes like elements of signal recognition. Homology analyses for miRNAs suggested that 17 miRNAs of Mousegammaherpes virus68 show 379 miRNA homologs for different animal species.https://intbioinformaticsjr.com/Journal/lastissue/year/2013/month/Marchhttps://intbioinformaticsjr.com/Journal/lastissue/year/2013/month/Marchandlt;divandgt;Sow productivity traits are very important in swine production and formulatingandlt;/divandgt;andlt;divandgt;its breeding strategies. In present study a total of 1076 records of two different genetic groups i.e. 50% (n=760) and 75% (n=712) Crossbred Large White Yorkshire (LWY) x Desi, from the year 1999 to 2008 maintained at AICRP on Pigs, Livestock Farm, JNKVV, Adhartal, Jabalpur (M.P.) were considered for the study. Least square analysis of variance was performed to study the effect of years, seasons and genetic groups on litter size and litter weights at birth and weaning ages. Least square means of litter weights at birth were observed to be lowest (5.38+0.49) in year 1999 and highest (7.92+0.31) in year 2008 and for litter weights at weaning the lowest (46.48+7.13) in year 2004 and 67.33+6.91 in year (2003). No definite trend over the years were observed, these difference among the years could be due to difference in management practices and hygienic conditions. The genetic group-wise Least Square Means ranged from 7.10andplusmn;0.31 (75% LWY) to 7.85andplusmn;0.31 (50% LWY) for litter size at birth while 6.41andplusmn;0.25 (75% LWY) to 6.92andplusmn;0.25 (50% LWY) litter size at weaning. The h2 estimate wasandlt;/divandgt;andlt;divandgt;quite low 0.189 and 0.101 for the litter size at birth and weaning respectively. It can be concluded that 50% exotic germ plasm of LWY is more suitable in terms of sow productivity traits than 75% in tropical-hot-humid environment.andlt;/divandgt;https://intbioinformaticsjr.com/Journal/lastissue/year/2013/month/Marchhttps://intbioinformaticsjr.com/Journal/lastissue/year/2013/month/Marchandlt;divandgt;andlt;iandgt;Labeo bataandlt;/iandgt;, which belongs to the family Cyprinidae, has high economicalandlt;/divandgt;andlt;divandgt;importance and esteemed table fish worldwide. The present investigation identified six polymorphic microsatellite loci namely, Lr28, Lr29, Lr36, Lr38, Lro37 and Lro50 and two monomorphic loci Lro39 and MFW11. The observations showed that the primer from andlt;iandgt;L. rohitaandlt;/iandgt; andandlt;iandgt; Cyprinus carpioandlt;/iandgt;, both belong to family andlt;iandgt;Cyprinidaeandlt;/iandgt;, could be used to identify microsatellite loci in L. bata. DNA sequencing of the identified microsatellite loci confirmed the presence of repeat motif.andlt;/divandgt;https://intbioinformaticsjr.com/Journal/lastissue/year/2013/month/Marchhttps://intbioinformaticsjr.com/Journal/lastissue/year/2013/month/Marchandlt;divandgt;Antibody phage technology greatly facilitates the isolation of good-qualityandlt;/divandgt;andlt;divandgt;monoclonal antibodies to virtually any target antigen. Large combinatorial phage display libraries of human antibodies are routinely being used for the identification of antibody candidates for clinical applications. However, preclinical studies in rodents would benefit from the availability of good-quality single-pot mouse synthetic naandiuml;ve antibody libraries, which at present are not available. Such libraries would be particularly useful for the generation of murine antibodies against self or highly conserved antigens or in case of highly toxic or deadly pathogenic antigens which do not allow animal immunization.andlt;/divandgt;https://intbioinformaticsjr.com/Journal/lastissue/year/2013/month/Marchhttps://intbioinformaticsjr.com/Journal/lastissue/year/2013/month/Marchandlt;divandgt;Nipah viruses are highly pathogenic paramyxoviruses that have recently emerged from flying foxes or bats and horses to cause serious disease outbreaks in humans and livestock in many parts of the world. Their unique genetic constitution, high virulence and wide host range set them apart from other paramyxoviruses and they are designated as Biosafety level 4 pathogens. Many of the viruses are becoming resistant to some antiviral drugs e.g. Admantanes. Therefore, it is necessary to look for an alternative approach to combat the antiviral resistance. Nipah virus contains two membrane glycoproteins: the G glycoprotein, which is required for cell attachment, and the F glycoprotein, which is required for the fusion of the viral and host -cell membranes. The glycoprotein G plays an important role in the immunogenecity in the host cell. In the present work, in silico epitopeandlt;/divandgt;andlt;divandgt;prediction for glycoprotein-G in Nipah virus was carried out using variety of online tools. For B-cell epitope prediction, BCPREDS server and for the T-cell (MHC-I andamp;amp; MHC-II), IEDB analysis tool was used. In order to perform the docking study, top ranked predicted epitopes for the MHC class-I and MHC class-II were modeled using the Hhpred server. Subsequently, the predicted epitopes for the MHC-I and MHC-II were docked with their respective receptor using the PatchDock server. The lower energy score reveals higher binding affinity of predicted epitopes toward the receptor. It was found that the epitopes ‘QTEGVSNLV’ and ‘LMMTRLAV’andlt;/divandgt;andlt;divandgt;were showing highest binding affinity for the MHC-I and the epitopesandlt;/divandgt;andlt;divandgt;‘SRPGQSQCPRFNTCP’ and ‘GQSQCPRFNTCPEIC’ were showing highest binding affinity for the MHC-II. For the B-cell, epitopeandlt;/divandgt;andlt;divandgt;‘TNVWTPPNPNTVYHCSAVYN’ was highest ranked epitope. These predicted epitopes might be promising vaccine candidates for Nipah virus.andlt;/divandgt;https://intbioinformaticsjr.com/Journal/lastissue/year/2013/month/Marchhttps://intbioinformaticsjr.com/Journal/lastissue/year/2013/month/Marchandlt;divandgt;The andlt;iandgt;prokaryotesandlt;/iandgt; and andlt;iandgt;eukaryotesandlt;/iandgt; are separated by roughly three billion years ofandlt;/divandgt;andlt;divandgt;evolution, when bacterial and eukaryote division is thought to have taken place.andlt;/divandgt;andlt;divandgt;During this time there have been countless chances for the genes in two organisms to diverge by mutation, to change gene structure by gene fusion or fission and to acquire new genes for a function by horizontal transfer or functional displacement of one gene by another within a genome. In the present study we have compared andamp;amp; analyzed the metabolic pathways of andlt;iandgt;A. thalianaandlt;/iandgt; andamp;amp; andlt;iandgt;E.coliandlt;/iandgt; to understand the extant of conservation of enzymes in their metabolic pathways. Present study indicate that the andlt;iandgt;A. thalianaandlt;/iandgt;, a flowering plant and andlt;iandgt;E.coliandlt;/iandgt;, a gram negative bacteria were found sharing significant similarity in their metabolic pathways.andlt;/divandgt;https://intbioinformaticsjr.com/Journal/lastissue/year/2013/month/Marchhttps://intbioinformaticsjr.com/Journal/lastissue/year/2013/month/Marchandlt;divandgt;Phytomedicine such as tea tree (melaleuca) oil have become increasingly popular in recent decades. This essential oil has been used for almost 100 years in Australia but is now available worldwide both as neat oil and as an active component in an array of products. The primary uses of tea tree oil have historically capitalized on the antiseptic, antifungal, antiviral and anti-inflammatory actions of the oil. Reports of activity in the field of antibacterial Tea tree oil research are widely conflicting, probably owing to inter- and intra-assay variation in susceptibility testing. However, several high-quality investigations have examined the relationship between component structure and antibacterial activity and these are in close agreement. The mechanism of action of tea tree oil and three of its components, 1,8-cineole, terpinen-4-ol, and alpha terpineol, against Staphylococcus aureus were investigated. In addition, numerous research groups have sought to elucidate theandlt;/divandgt;andlt;divandgt;antibacterial mechanisms of action of selected components of tea tree oil. These compounds represent novel leads, and future studies may allow the development of a pharmacologically acceptable antimicrobial agent or class of agents. This review summarizes recent developments in our understanding of the antimicrobial activity of the oil. Specific mechanisms of antibacterial activity are reviewed, and the toxicity of the oil is briefly discussed.andlt;/divandgt;https://intbioinformaticsjr.com/Journal/lastissue/year/2013/month/Marchhttps://intbioinformaticsjr.com/Journal/lastissue/year/2013/month/Marchandlt;divandgt;Target identification is the first step in the drug and vaccine discovery process , in silico subtractive genomics is widely used in this process. We used this in silico approach for identification of essential proteins in Streptococcus pyogenes strain M1, a Gram-positive bacterium, which is an important human pathogen. andlt;iandgt;S. pyogenesandlt;/iandgt; causes wide variety of disease, including pharyngitis (streptococcal sore throat), scarlet fever, impetigo, erysipelas, cellulitis, septicemia, toxic shock syndrome, necrotizing fasciitis (flesh-eating disease) and the sequelae, rheumatic fever and acute glomerulonephritis in humans. Further, using the KEGG Automatic Annotation Server, we identified six unique metabolic pathways that exist in this bacterium but not in human and some essentialandlt;iandgt; S. pyogenesandlt;/iandgt; proteins that are involved in these bacterial pathways. Analysis using CELLO, showed that essential andlt;iandgt;S. pyogenesandlt;/iandgt; strain M1 proteins were membrane proteins and thus more amenable as drug targets. Therefore, based on identification, six drug target have beenandlt;/divandgt;andlt;divandgt;identified and their genes: SPy_1283, SPy_0890, SPy_0399, SPy_1849, SPy_1652, SPy _1233 whereas homology modeling for 6-phosphofructokinase were performed for inhibitor designing. This work has a lot of potential in research work for development of strategies for control and treatment of S.pyogenes , including targets that have been identified with this technique and various other aspects.andlt;/divandgt;https://intbioinformaticsjr.com/Journal/lastissue/year/2013/month/Marchhttps://intbioinformaticsjr.com/Journal/lastissue/year/2013/month/Marchandlt;divandgt;andlt;iandgt;Trichomonas vaginalisandlt;/iandgt;, the etiologic agent of trichomoniasis, is an anaerobicandlt;/divandgt;andlt;divandgt;flagellated protozoan. Trichomoniasis marked by complications like pretermandlt;/divandgt;andlt;divandgt;delivery, low birth weight, and increased mortality as well as predisposing to HIV infection, AIDS, and cervical cancer, is among the top most sexually transmitted diseases. The genome draft published in 2007 revealed many unusual genomic and biochemical features like, exceptionally large genome size of 160 Mb. Hypothetical proteins are predicted gene products that have no identifiable function assigned to them and comprise 10-60% of recognized open reading frames in annotated genomes. The analysis of hypothetical proteins provides an opportunity to search for novel drug targets and markers for treatment of Trichomoniasis, and better understanding of the large genome size ofandlt;iandgt; T.vaginalisandlt;/iandgt;. The present study shows the structural, sequential and phylogenetic analysis of a hypothetical protein of andlt;iandgt;T. vaginalis andlt;/iandgt;A2E4V9_TRIVA, which on modeling revealed maximum alphaandlt;/divandgt;andlt;divandgt;helices. The protein showed conserved domains of Rosemann and E2-bindingandlt;/divandgt;andlt;divandgt;superfamilies which contribute in ubiquitin mediated proteolysis and also inandlt;/divandgt;andlt;divandgt;numerous dehydrogenases metabolic pathways such as glycolysis, and many other redox enzymes.andlt;/divandgt;https://intbioinformaticsjr.com/Journal/lastissue/year/2013/month/Marchhttps://intbioinformaticsjr.com/Journal/lastissue/year/2013/month/Marchandlt;divandgt;Solid Dispersions were prepared by solvent evaporation technique usingandlt;/divandgt;andlt;divandgt;microcrystalline cellulose, PEG 4000, PEG 6000, PVP-K30 and Gelucire 50/13. Further objective of the project was to develop fast release surface solid dispersion of glibenclamide and compressed at low pressure to form fast-melting pharmaceutical tablet. In this study, we used sodium starch glycolate for mouth dissolving nature. The inherent hygroscopic nature of PEG could decrease the affinity for moisture of effervescent mixtures and can provide a stabilizing effect. The formulations using sodium starch glycolate and surface solid dispersion with Gelucire 50/13, PEG 4000 and 6000 were found to have better release properties. Fast Release tablet of glibenclamide might aid in dissolution due to increase in microenvironmental pH around the granules and saliva.andlt;/divandgt;https://intbioinformaticsjr.com/Journal/lastissue/year/2013/month/Marchhttps://intbioinformaticsjr.com/Journal/lastissue/year/2013/month/Marchandlt;divandgt;In this paper we discuss some general graph-theoretic formalism analogous to the chemical concepts of reactions and kits of reaction rules. We believe that thisandlt;/divandgt;andlt;divandgt;mathematical formalism may lead to improvements in Computer-assisted Organic Synthesis. Further we indicate that hypergraphs and its structure can be used to model the chemical reaction network.andlt;/divandgt;https://intbioinformaticsjr.com/Journal/lastissue/year/2013/month/March